List of Report Graphics Figures Figure 1: Research Driving Progress Against Lung Cancer............................................................................................................. 14 Figure 2: Social Determinants of Health................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 3: Hallmarks of Cancer Cells........................................................................................................................................................ 25 Figure 4: The Research Cycle Advancing the Frontiers of Cancer Science and Medicine..................................................... 27 Figure 5: Inherited Cancer Risk................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 6: Precision Medicine..................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 7: Modifiable Cancer Risks........................................................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 8: Beyond the Lungs: Cancers Caused by Smoking Tobacco........................................................................................... 40 Figure 9: Reasons to Maintain a Healthy Weight and Stay Active................................................................................................ 42 Figure 10: What Can Cancer Screening Find and What Can Be Done?........................................................................................ 55 Figure 11: The Process Used by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to Develop Cancer Screening Guidelines...... 58 Figure 12: USPSTF Recommendation for Breast Cancer Genetic Testing in Women............................................................... 62 Figure 13: Phases of Clinical Trials............................................................................................................................................................ 72 Figure 14: Mastering Clinical Trial Design............................................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 15: The Pillars of Cancer Treatment............................................................................................................................................ 76 Figure 16: Milestones in the Journey to Target the Undruggable KRAS....................................................................................... 84 Figure 17: Immunotherapeutics Can Work in Many Ways................................................................................................................ 101 Figure 18: Decades of Research Breakthroughs Along the Way to Developing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors........... 102 Figure 19: Going Deep with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors........................................................................................................... 106 Figure 20: Common Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors............................................................................................. 127 Figure 21: The Gut Microbiome: A New Frontier in Cancer Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment........................ 150 Figure 22: NIH Funding: Continuing the Momentum of Robust Increases.................................................................................. 154 Figure 23: NCI Success Rates.................................................................................................................................................................... 155 Figure 24: How Flavored Tobacco Products Contribute to Disparities......................................................................................... 162 Sidebars Sidebar 1: The Medical Research Community: Driving Progress Together................................................................................... 13 Sidebar 2: Which U.S. Population Groups Experience Cancer Disparities?................................................................................... 17 Sidebar 3: Cancer Inequities in the United States................................................................................................................................. 18 Sidebar 4: Global Burden of Cancer......................................................................................................................................................... 22 Sidebar 5: How Are Cancers and Tumors Characterized?................................................................................................................. 26 Sidebar 6: Basic Research Driving Clinical Advances Against Cancer........................................................................................... 28 Sidebar 7: What Are Genetic Alterations?.............................................................................................................................................. 30 Sidebar 8: Cancer Growth: Local and Systemic Influences................................................................................................................ 33 Sidebar 9: The National Cancer Institute’s Precision Medicine Initiatives..................................................................................... 37 AACR Cancer Progress Report 2023 iv
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