HPV infections do not cause cancer, those that are persistent and with high-risk HPV virus types can lead to cancer. These highrisk HPVs cause three percent of all cancers in women and two percent in men in the United States (213). Globally, HPV-related cancers comprise about five percent of all cancers (214). Ways to Reduce Cancer Risk from Pathogens PATHOGEN WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION WAYS TO ELIMINATE OR TREAT INFECTION SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS Helicobacter pylori Avoid exposure through good hygiene and sanitation Treatment with a combination of antibiotics and a proton-pump inhibitor can eliminate infection CDC recommends testing and treatment for people with active or a documented history of gastric or duodenal ulcers, low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma, or early gastric cancer that has been surgically treated Hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBV vaccination Avoid behaviors that can transmit infection (e.g., injection drug use and unsafe sex) Treatment of those chronically infected with antiviral drugs rarely eliminates infection but does slow virus multiplication; this slows the pace at which liver damage occurs and thereby reduces risk for liver cancer Vaccination is recommended as part of the childhood vaccination schedule and is recommended for adults ages 19 to 59. CDC recommends screening for HBV infection in adults age 18 years and older at least once in their lifetime using a triple panel test. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Avoid behaviors that can transmit infection (e.g., injection drug use and unsafe sex) Treatment with any of several antiviral drugs can eliminate infection There is consensus in recommendations from CDC and USPSTF for universal screening of all adults ages 18 to 79. Human papillomavirus (HPV) Three FDA-approved vaccines Practice safe sex, although this may not fully protect against infection None available CDC recommends HPV vaccination for boys and girls age 11 or 12; recommendations for other groups can be found in Sidebar 16, p. 50) CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; USPSTF, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Adapted from (1). SIDEBAR 15 Reducing the Risk of Cancer Development AACR Cancer Progress Report 2023 49
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