NIGHT SKY AND DARK ENVIRONMENTS: BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AT NIGHT ON BLM-MANAGED LANDS TECHNICAL NOTE 457 40 5.1 Planning and Design BMPs The following best practices are best to incorporate early—during land use planning, activity planning, project planning, and project design. 5.1.1 Have a Lighting Plan Prepared by a Qualified Lighting Designer A qualified lighting designer can best prepare lighting plans for BLM-permitted projects based on resource management objectives (e.g., considering natural, cultural, and historic resources of concern and visitor activities). As early as possible, begin to identify the types and intensity of lighting that will be allowed or needed for a facility or activity area. Sources of light pollution are most easily avoided at the planning and design stage with a carefully considered and well-designed lighting system or retrofit. A lighting plan by a qualified lighting designer will result in efficient operational costs for energy consumption and minimal contributions of light pollution. A detailed lighting plan specifies the following: 1. Appropriate IDA-IES Model Lighting Ordinance (IDA-IES 2011) lighting zone performance standard for the application (see Section 5.1.2 for more information). 2. Number of lights; lumen output of each; and backlight, uplight, and glare (BUG) ratings (see Section 5.1.2 for more information). 3. Minimum number of luminaires and lights required with the lowest lumen output consistent with safe and secure operation of the facility. 4. Lighting layout including luminaire height and aiming (if applicable). 5. Lighting photometric calculations, showing initial illuminance (light loss factor = 1) and vertical illuminance at edges of desired illumination areas. 6. Alternatives to lighting (e.g., retroreflective or luminescent markers) in lieu of permanent lighting where feasible. 7. Luminaire design. Luminaires of the proper design, shielded to eliminate uplight (U0), with low glare rating (G0 preferred, G1 maximum), placed and directed to eliminate light trespass (B0 preferred, B1 maximum near edges of desired illumination areas) to offsite locations (see Table 2 in Section 5.1.2 for more information). 8. Light source correlated color temperature (CCT). Lights of the proper CCT or spectral tuning range to minimize night sky and ecological effects (i.e., warm color temperatures—amber, orange, or red). 9. Light source color rendering index (CRI). Lights of the proper CRI to provide accurate color rendering appropriate to the need. CRI is different than color temperature (Kelvin). CRI values range from 0 to 100, with 100 showing true colors of objects. Lighting products may provide the same color temperature yet have different CRI values. 10. Standard operating procedures. Minimization of unnecessary lighting use through adaptive controls such as dimmers, schedule controls (including spectral tuning), timers, motion sensors, and other alternatives to permanent lighting, such as restricting lighting usage to certain time periods and activity levels. 11. Lighting control intent specification, outlining how lighting is controlled throughout the hours of darkness. 12. Any activities that may be restricted or combined to avoid night sky effects. 13. A process for promptly addressing complaints about potential lighting effects.
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