Playing Smart changelabsolutions.org | kaboom.org 182 Introduction 1 See the official website of the City of St. Petersburg for more information: www.stpete.org/mentors/andmore. asp#Anchor-49575. 2 See official website of the City of Seattle for more information: www.seattle.gov/parks/Publications/JointUse.htm. Chapter 1 3 Ogden CL, Carroll MD and Flegal KM. “High Body Mass Index for Age among US Children and Adolescents, 2003–2006.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 299(20): 2401–05, 2008. 4 Ogden CL, Carroll MD, McDowell MA and Flegal KM. NCHS Data Brief No.1: Obesity among Adults in the United States—No Change since 2003–2004. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2007, p.1. Available at: www.speoobesidade. pt/Files/Noticias/Files/Obesity%20Among%20Adults%20 in%20the%20United%20States_No%20Change%20Since%20 2003-05.pdf. Data from the most recent NHANES survey shows that among adult men the prevalence of obesity was 31.1% in 2003–2004 and 33.3% in 2005–2006, a small but not statistically significant change. Among adult women, the prevalence of obesity in 2003–2004 was 33.2% and 35.3% in 2005–2006, again a small but not significant change. 5 Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, et al. “Prevalence and Trends in Overweight among US Children and Adolescents, 1999–2000.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(14): 1728–32, 2002; Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, et al. “Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among US Children, Adolescents, and Adults, 1999–2002.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(23): 2847–50, 2004; Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. “Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999–2004.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 295(13): 1549–55, 2006. 6 Ogden CL and Carroll MD. Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963–1965 Through 2007–2008. National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2010. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_child_07_08/ obesity_child_07_08.pdf ; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General. 2001 Report on Overweight and Obesity—Section 1.5: Disparities in Prevalence. Washington, DC: HHS, 2001. Available at: www.surgeongeneral. gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/1_5.htm. 7 Gordon-Larsen P, Nelson M, Page P, et al. “Inequality in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity and Obesity.” Pediatrics, 117(2): 417–24, 2006. 8 Powell L, Slater S, and Chalupka F. “The Relationship Between Community Physical Activity Settings and Race, Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status.” Evidence-Based Preventive Medicine, 1(2): 135–44, 2004. 9 Sallis J, McKenzie T, Elder J, et al. “Factors Parents Use in Selecting Play Spaces for Young Children.” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 151: 414–17, 1997. 10 Sallis J, Nader P, Broyles S, et al. “Correlates of Physical Activity at Home in Mexican-American and Anglo-American Preschool Children.” Health Psychology, 12: 390–98, 1993; Baranowski T, Thompson W, DuRant R, et al. “Observations on Physical Activity in Physical Locations: Age, Gender, Ethnicity and Month Effects.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64: 127–33, 1993. 11 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Neighborhood Safety and Prevalence of Physical Inactivity—Selected States, 1996.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48(7): 143–46, 1999. Available at: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/ mmwrhtml/00056582.htm. 12 Cradock A, Kawachi I, Colditz G, et al. “Playground Safety and Access in Boston Neighborhoods.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(4): 357–63, 2005. 13 Lumeng J, Appugliese D, Cabral H, et al. “Neighborhood Safety and Overweight Status in Children.” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160: 25–31, 2006. 14 Floyd M, Soengler J, Maddock J, et al. “Park-based Physical Activity in Diverse Communities of Two U.S. Cities: An Observational Study.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(4): 299–305, 2008. 15 Farley T, Meriwether R, Baker E, et al. “Where Do the Children Play? The Influence of Playground Equipment on Physical Activity of Children in Free Play.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 52(2): 319–31, 2008. 16 Farley T, Meriwether R, Baker E, et al. “Safe Play Spaces to Promote Physical Activity in Inner-City Children: Results from a Pilot Study of an Environmental Intervention.” American Journal of Public Health, 97(9): 1625–31, 2007. 17 White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity Report to the President. Solving the Problem of Childhood Obesity within a Generation. May 2010, p. 76. Available at: www.letsmove.gov/ sites/letsmove.gov/files/TaskForce_on_Childhood_Obesity_ May2010_FullReport.pdf. 18 American Academy of Pediatrics. “Policy Statement. Active Healthy Living: Prevention of Childhood Obesity through Increased Physical Activity.” Pediatrics, 117(5): 1834–42, 2006. 19 Institute of Medicine. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity (Report Brief). Washington, DC: National Academies Press, September 2009, p. 7. Available at: www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2009/ ChildhoodObesityPreventionLocalGovernments/local%20 govts%20obesity%20report%20brief%20FINAL%20for%20web. ashx. 20 U.S. Department of Education. Schools as Centers of Community: A Citizens’ Guide for Planning and Design. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 2000, p. 37. Available at: www2.ed.gov/offices/OESE/archives/inits/construction/ commguide.pdf. 21 Building Educational Success Together (BEST). Model Policies for High Performance School Facilities for All Children. Washington, DC: BEST, October 2006, p. 14. Available at: http://citiesandschools.berkeley.edu/reports/BEST_2007_ Model_Policies.pdf. Endnotes
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