Playing Smart changelabsolutions.org | kaboom.org 183 22 Blank MJ, Melville A, and Shah BP. Making the Difference: Research and Practice in Community Schools. Washington, DC: Coalition for Community Schools, 2003, pp. 43–44. Available at: www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED499103.pdf. 23 Filardo M, Vincent JM, Allen M, and Franklin J. Joint Use of Public Schools: A Framework for a New Social Contract. Washington, DC: 21st Century School Fund and Center for Cities & Schools, 2010. Available at: http://citiesandschools.berkeley.edu/ reports/2010_JU_Concept_Paper.pdf; Sharp, M. Local Governments and Schools: A Community-Oriented Approach. IQ Report Volume 40. Washington, DC: International City/ County Management Association (ICMA), 2008. Available at: http://icma.org/en/icma/knowledge_network/documents/ kn/Document/5753/Local_Governments_and_Schools_A_ CommunityOriented_Approach; Council of Educational Facility Planners International (CEFPI) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Schools for Successful Communities: An Element of Smart Growth. Scottsdale, AZ: CEFPI, September 2004, p. 29. Available at: www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/pdf/ SmartGrowth_schools_Pub.pdf. 24 Kuhlman R. Helping Johnny Walk to School: Policy Recommendations for Removing Barriers to CommunityCentered Schools. Washington, DC: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 2010, pp. 28–29. Available at: www.preservationnation.org/issues/historic-schools/helpingjohnny-walk-to-school/helping-johnny-walk-to-school.pdf. 25 Vincent J. Partnerships for Joint Use, Expanding the Use of Public School Infrastructure to Benefit Students and Communities. Berkeley, CA: Center for Cities and Schools 2010. Available at: http://citiesandschools.berkeley.edu/pubs.html. 26 Public Schools of North Carolina. Making Current Trends in School Design Feasible. Raleigh, NC: Public Schools of North Carolina, State Board of Education, Department of Public Instruction, November 2000, pp. 24–30. Available at: www.schoolclearinghouse.org/pubs/small.PDF. 27 Maryland Department of Planning. Models and Guidelines: Smart Growth, Community Planning, and Public School Construction. Baltimore: Maryland Department of Planning, 2008, pp. 39–48. Available at: www.mdp.state.md.us/PDF/OurProducts/ Publications/ModelsGuidelines/mg27.pdf. 28 Dunn A. New Directions in School Facilities: Section 5: Joint Use of School Facilities. California Department of General Services. Available at: www.excellence.dgs.ca.gov/NewDirections/S5_5-5.htm. 29 Filardo et al., supra note 23. 30 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HSS). Healthy People 2020: Physical Activity Objectives. Washington, DC: HSS, PA-10, 2010. Available at: www.healthypeople.gov/2020/ topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicid=33. 31 Cox L, Berends V, Sallis JF, St. John JM, McNeil B, Gonzalez M, and Agron P. “Engaging School Governance Leaders to Influence Physical Activity Policies.” Journal of Physical Activity & Health. 8(Suppl 1): S40–S48, 2011. 32 Evenson KR, Wen F, Lee SM, Heinrich K, and Eyler AA. “National Study of Changes in Prevalence and Community Access to School Physical Activity Facilities: The School Health Policies and Programs Study.” Journal of Physical Activity & Health. 7(Suppl 1): S20–S30, 2010. Available at: http://paprn.wustl.edu/ pastprojects/Documents/Evenson_Jointuse.pdf. 33 Vincent JM. “Planning and Siting New Public Schools in the Context of Community Development: The California Experience.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2006 (on file with author). 34 Cooper T and Vincent JM. Joint Use Partnerships in California: Strategies to Enhance Schools and Communities. Berkeley, CA: Center for Cities & Schools and Public Health Law and Policy, 2008. Available at: http://citiesandschools.berkeley.edu/ reports/CC&S_PHLP_2008_joint_use_with_appendices.pdf. 35 Spengler JO, Connaughton DP, and Maddock JE. “Liability Concerns and Shared Use of School Recreational Facilities in Underserved Communities.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(4): 415–20, 2011. Chapter 2 36 Coordinated School Health in Arkansas—Joint Use Agreement (JUA) web page: www.arkansascsh.org/apply-it-in-your-school/5 84c0b1fb838fc7e23da42ce07caf9b3.php. 37 See the Joint Use home page for more information: www.jointuse.org. 38 Public Health—Seattle & King County. “Local Organizations Receive $8.9 Million to Increase Healthy Choices for King County Residents,” July 21, 2010. Available at: www.kingcounty.gov/ healthservices/health/news/2010/10072101.aspx. 39 See Charlotte-Mecklenburg Planning—Joint Use Task Force web page for more information: http://charmeck.org/city/charlotte/ planning/CapitalFacilities/Pages/JointUseTaskForce.aspx. 40 Highlands County, Florida, Comprehensive Plan Policy 2.3, as adopted in County Code, Ch.8, Art. V, § 8-123. Available at: www.hcbcc.net/PDFfiles/compplancompleteamended.pdf. 41 Stair P, Wooten H, and Raimi M. How to Create and Implement Healthy General Plans: A Toolkit for Building Healthy, Vibrant Communities. Oakland, CA: Public Health Law & Policy and Raimi & Associates, 2007. Available at: www.phlpnet.org/sites/ phlpnet.org/files/Healthy_General_Plans_Toolkit-WEB.pdf. 42 Center for Cities & Schools—Joint Use School Initiative web page, http://citiesandschools.berkeley.edu/joint-use.html. Chapter 4 43 NPLAN greatly appreciates the invaluable expertise of Ana Lasso, Jonathan Wells, Jeff Vincent, Wally Whittier, Marty Martinez, Ben Winig, and Robert Ogilvie in developing this chapter. 44 In Ohio, for example, school districts may levy a school district income tax (SDIT). Ohio School Boards Association (OSBA). Understanding School Levies. Columbus, OH: OSBA, 2008, pp. 2–3. Available at: www.ohioschoolboards.org/sites/default/ files/OSBAUnderstandingLeviesFactSheet.pdf. 45 Flynn M and Kershaw A. Financing Facility Improvements for Out-of-School Time and Community School Programs: Strategy Brief. Washington, DC: The Finance Project, 2000, p. 5. Available at: www.financeproject.org/Publications/Brief4.pdf. 46 This section describes bond issuance by school districts, state government, and local government. Special districts and developers may also issue bonds, which is described in their respective sections of this chapter. 47 A general obligation bond is a way to raise funds to finance specific projects. General obligation bonds issued by a government entity (state, county, city, school district, etc.) are secured by the full faith, credit, and taxing power of the government entity that issues the bonds. This makes them a very safe investment because there is a very low risk the government would fail to repay the loan. Because repayment of these loans is all but guaranteed, these bonds have a relatively low interest rate, but investors are willing to accept this lower rate of return because the interest paid is generally tax-exempt. 48 Flynn and Kershaw, supra note 45, at 8. 49 Hassel B, Esser K, and Schroeder J. Facilities Financing: New Models for Districts That Are Creating Schools New. St. Paul, MN: Education Evolving, 2004, p. 2. Available at: www.lisc.org/content/publications/detail/811. 50 Filardo M, Vincent J, Allen M, et al. Joint Use of Public Schools: A Framework for a New Social Contract. Washington, DC: 21st Century School Fund, 2010, p. 6. Available at: www.21csf. org/csf-home/publications.asp. For more ideas on building support for local measures to fund joint use, see Ogilvie RS and
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